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The objective is to safeguard the surface of the Moon, particularly the region that is shielded from the Earth's rays, from the effects of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

With regard to the lunar in situ PNT (positioning, navigation and timing) GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) analogue frequencies and how radio astronomy (RA) can be protected from interference, the following are some key points:

Importance of Radio Astronomy (RA): the Shielded Zone of the Moon (SZM) provides a unique opportunity for high-quality radio astronomy observations because it is not affected by Earth radio interference. Protecting the RA in the SZM is therefore essential for scientific exploration.

Selection of GNSS frequencies: The L- and C-bands of GNSS may pose a threat to continuous wave and spectral line observations of RA. Therefore, the selection of a frequency band that will not interfere with RA is crucial for lunar in-situ PNT. The S-band from 2,483.5 to 2,500 MHz is considered the best band for lunar in-situ PNT because it meets the needs of PNT and protects RA in the SZM.

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) regulations: ITU's Radio Regulations and Recommendations exclude L-band Lunar In-Situ-like GNSS systems to protect RAs. the recommendation to use the S-band from 2,483.5 to 2,500 MHz is in line with the Space Frequency Coordination Group (SFCG) and ITU's Radio Regulations and Recommendations for the lunar frequency bands.

Feasibility of the C-band: The C-band (5,010 to 5,030 MHz) is not suitable for lunar in-situ PNT due to its importance for RA observations.This band contains spectral lines that are essential for fundamental studies of the formation of interstellar clouds and the dynamics of the Universe, and therefore it is critical to keep this band quiet in SZM for RA observations.

Protective measures: To protect RA in the SZM, stringent measures are required, including limiting radio transmissions in the SZM and ensuring that the lunar in-situ PNT system does not cause harmful interference to RA. This may involve power flux density (PFD) restrictions on PNT systems and protection of the C-band.

Sky-Earth Converged Networks: Sky-Earth Converged Networks have become an important trend in B5G and 6G communication networks as space and terrestrial networks converge. This kind of network can provide seamless global three-dimensional coverage and realise broadband mobile communications without blind zones, while supporting functions such as precise positioning, navigation and real-time Earth observation.

GNSS meta-signalling: GNSS meta-signalling is a technique where two different GNSS signals transmitted on different carrier frequencies are processed as a single signal. This technique improves positioning accuracy and is important for achieving centimetre-level positioning.

Applications of radio astronomy: Applications of radio astronomy include the use of radio telescopes and interferometers to observe celestial objects, which can penetrate the dust haze impenetrable to light waves and reveal radio images of celestial objects. Radio astronomy telescopes are also used to study solar activity and the surfaces of the planets in the solar system.

World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC): The WRC is an international conference that considers and decides on the use of the radio frequency spectrum and satellite orbits. the WRC's resolutions are essential for the development of the global radiocommunication service.

Septentrio Corporation and Septentrio Mosaic GNSS Modules: Septentrio is a company specialising in the design and manufacture of high-precision GNSS receivers for demanding applications requiring accuracy to the decimetre or centimetre level. septentrio's Mosaic series of GNSS modules, such as the mosaic- X5 and mosaic-T, provide full-constellation, multi-frequency, high-accuracy GNSS positioning that supports a wide range of current and future satellite signals. These modules have built-in AIM+, an advanced anti-jamming and anti-spoofing technology, ensuring optimal performance and reliability in challenging environments.

In summary, in order to protect RAs in the SZM and to achieve in-situ PNT of the Moon, the selection of appropriate GNSS frequencies is critical, while complying with ITU regulations and taking into account the development of converged networks in the sky and the earth and the application of GNSS meta-signal technology.Septentrio and its Mosaic GNSS modules provide strong technical support for high-precision positioning.

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